Editorial note
| Sheffield's Introduction
| M. Maty, Avis au Lecteur - À l'Auteur
Paragraphs I-XIV) | Paragraphs
XV-XLVIII) | Paragraphs XLIX-LXXXIII
and Conclusion)
From the Autobiography of
Edward Gibbon
«[95] The design of my first work, the Essay on the Study of
Literature, was suggested by a refinement of vanity, the desire of
justifying and praising the object of a favourite pursuit. In France,
to which my ideas were confined, the learning and language of Greece and
Rome were neglected by a philosophic age. The guardian of those studies,
the Academy of Inscriptions, was degraded to the lowest rank among the
three royal societies of Paris: the new appellation of Erudits was contemptuously
applied to the successors of Lipsius and Casaubon; and I was provoked
to hear (see M. d'Alembert, Discours préliminaire à l'Encyclopédie)
that the exercise of the memory, their sole merit, had been superseded
by the nobler faculties of the imagination [96] and the judgement.
I was ambitious of proving by my own example, as well as by my precepts,
that all the faculties of the mind may be exercised and displayed by the
study of ancient literature; I began to select and adorn the various proofs
and illustrations which had offered themselves in reading the classics
and the first pages or chapters of my essay were composed before my departure
from Lausanne. The hurry of the journey, and of the first weeks of my
English life, suspended all thoughts of serious application: but my object
was ever before my eyes; and no more than ten days, from the first to
the eleventh of July, were suffered to elapse after my summer establishment
at Buriton. My essay was finished in about six weeks; and as soon as a
fair copy had been transcribed by one of the French prisoners at Petersfield,
I looked round for a critic and judge of my first performance. A writer
can seldom be content with the doubtful recompense of solitary approbation;
but a youth ignorant of the world, and of himself, must desire to weigh
his talents in some scales less partial than his own: my conduct was natural,
my motive laudable, my choice of Dr. Maty judicious and fortunate. By
descent and education, Dr. Maty, though born in Holland, might be considered
as a Frenchman; but he was fixed in London by the practice of physic,
and an office in the British Museum. His reputation was justly founded
on the eighteen volumes of the Journal Britannique, which he had
supported, almost alone, with perseverance and success. This humble though
useful labour, which had once been dignified by the genius of Bayle and
the learning of Le Clerc, was not disgraced by the taste, the knowledge,
and the judgement of Maty: he exhibits a candid and pleasing view of the
state of literature in England during a period of six years (January,
175O-December, 1755); and, far different from his angry son, he handles
the rod of criticism with the tenderness and reluctance of a parent. The
author of the Journal Britannique sometimes aspires to the character
of a poet and philosopher: his style is pure [97] and elegant;
and in his virtues, or even in his defects, he may be ranked as one of
the last disciples of the school of Fontenelle. His answer to my first
letter was prompt and polite: after a careful examination he returned
my manuscript, with some animadversion and much applause; and when I visited
London in the ensuing winter, we discussed the design and execution in
several free and familiar conversations. In a short excursion to Buriton
I reviewed my essay, according to his friendly advice; and after suppressing
a third, adding a third, and altering a third, I consummated my first
labour by a short preface, which is dated February 3, 1759. Yet I still
shrunk from the press with the terrors of virgin modesty: the manuscript
was safely deposited in my desk; and as my attention was engaged by new
objects, the delay might have been prolonged till I had fulfilled the
precept of Horace, «nonumque prematur in annum». Father Sirmond, a learned
Jesuit, was still more rigid, since he advised a young friend to expect
the mature age of fifty before he gave himself or his writings to the
public (Olivet, Histoire de l'Académie Françoise, tom. ii, p. 143).
The counsel was singular; but it is still more singular that it should
have been approved by the example of the author. Sirmond was himself fifty-five
years of age when he published (in 1614) his first work, an edition of
Sidonius Apollinaris, with many valuable annotations. (See his
life, before the great edition of his works in five volumes folio, Paris
1696, e Typographia Regia.)
Two years elapsed in silence: but in the spring of 1761 I yielded to the
authority of a parent, and complied, like a pious son, with the wish of
my own heart . (1) [98] My private
resolves were influenced by the state of Europe. About this time
the belligerent powers had made and accepted overtures of peace; our English
plenipotentiaries were named to assist at the Congress of Augsburg, which
never met: I wished to attend them as a gentleman or a secretary; and
my father fondly believed that the proof of some literary talents might
introduce me to public notice, and second the recommendations of my friends.
After a last revisal I consulted with Mr. Mallet and Dr. Maty, who approved
the design and promoted the execution. Mr. Mallet, after hearing me read
my manuscript received it from my hands, and delivered it into those of
Becket, with whom he made an agreement in my name; an easy agreement:
I required only a certain number of copies; and, without transferring
my property, I devolved on the bookseller the charges and profit of the
edition. Dr. Maty undertook, in my absence, to correct the sheets: he
inserted, without my knowledge, an elegant and flattering epistle to the
[99] author; which is composed, however, with so much art, that,
in case of a defeat, his favourable report might have been ascribed to
the indulgence of a friend for the rash attempt of a young English
gentleman. The work was printed and published, under the title of
Essai sur l'Étude de la Littérature, à Londres, chez T. Becket
et P. A. de Hondt, 1761, in a small volume in duodecimo: my dedication
to my father, a proper and pious address, was composed the 28th of May:
Dr. Maty's letter is dated the 16th of June; and I received the first
copy (June 23) at Alresford, two days before I marched with the Hampshire
militia. Some weeks afterwards, on the same ground, I presented my book
to the late Duke of York, who breakfasted in Colonel Pitt's tent. By my
father's direction, and Mallet's advice, my literary gifts were distributed
to several eminent characters in England and France; two books were sent
to the Count de Caylus, and the Duchesse d' Aiguillon, at Paris: I had
reserved twenty copies for my friends at Lausanne, as the first fruits
of my education, and a grateful token of my remembrance: and on all these
persons I levied an unavoid- able tax of civility and compliment. It is
not surprising that a work, of which the style and sentiments were so
totally foreign, should have been more successful abroad than at home.
I was delighted by the copious extracts, the warm commendations, and the
flattering predictions of the journals of France and Holland: and the
next year (1762) a new edition (I believe at Geneva) extended the fame,
or at least the circulation of the work. In England it was received with
cold indifference, little read, and speedily forgotten: a small impression
was slowly dispersed; the bookseller murmured, and the author (had his
feelings been more exquisite) might have wept over the blunders and baldness
of the English translation. The publication of my History fifteen years
afterwards revived the memory of my first performance, and the Essay was
eagerly sought in the shops. But I refused the permission which Becket
solicited of reprinting it: the [100] public curiosity was imperfectly
satisfied by a pirated copy of the booksellers of Dublin; and when a copy
of the original edition had been discovered in a sale, the primitive value
of half-a-crown had risen to the fanciful price of a guinea or thirty
shillings.
I have expatiated on the petty circumstances and period of my first publication,
a memorable era in the life of a student, when he ventures to reveal the
mesure of his mind: his hopes and fears are multiplied by the idea of
self-importance and he believes for a while that the eyes of mankind are
fixed on his person and performance. Whatever may be my present reputation,
it no longer rests on the merit of this first essay; and at the end of
twenty-eight years I may appreciate my juvenile work with the impartiality,
and almost with the indifference of a stranger. In his answer to Lady
Hervey, the Count de Caylus admires, or affects to admire, «les livres
sans nombre que Mr. Gibbon a lus et très bien lus». But, alas ! my stock
of erudition at that time was scanty and superficial; and if I allow myself
the liberty of naming the Greek writers, my genuine and personal acquaintance
was confined to the Latin classics. The most serious defect of my Essay
is a kind of obscurity and abruptness which always fatigues, and may often
elude, the attention of the reader. Instead of a precise and proper definition
of the title itself, the sense of the word Littérature is loosely
and variously applied: a number of remarks and examples, historical, critical,
philosophical are heaped on each other without method or connexion; and
if we except some introductory pages, all the remaining chapters might
indifferently be reversed or transposed. The obscurity of many passages
is often affected, «brevis esse laboro, obscurus fio»; the desire of expressing
perhaps a common idea with sententious and oracular brevity alas ! how
fatal has been the imitation of Montesquieu ! But this obscurity sometimes
proceeds from a mixture of light and darkness in the author's mind; from
a partial ray which strikes upon an angle, [101] instead of spreading
itself over the surface of an object. After this fair confession I shall
presume to say that the Essay does credit to a young writer of two and
twenty years of age, who had read with taste, who thinks with freedom,
and who writes in a foreign language with spirit and elegance. The defence
of the early History of Rome and the new Chronology of Sir Isaac Newton
form a specious argument. The patriotic and political design of the Georgics
is happily conceived; and any probable conjecture, which tends to raise
the dignity of the poet and the poem, deserves to be adopted, without
a rigid scrutiny. Some dawnings of a philosophic spirit enlighten the
general remarks on the study of history and of man. I am not displeased
with the inquiry into the origin and nature of the gods of polytheism,
which might deserve the illustration of a riper judgement. Upon the whole
I may apply to the first labour of my pen the speech of a far superior
artist, when he surveyed the first productions of his pencil. After viewing
some portraits which he had painted in his youth, my friend Sir Joshua
Reynolds acknowledged to me that he was rather humbled than flattered
by the comparison with his present works; and that after so much
time and study, he had conceived his improvement to be much greater than
he found it to have been.
At Lausanne I composed the first chapters of my Essay in French, the familiar
language of my conversation and studies, in which it was easier for me
to write than in my mother tongue. After my return to England I continued
the same practice, without any affectation, or design of repudiating (as
Dr. Bentley would say) my vernacular idiom. But I should have escaped
some anti-Gallican clamour, had I been content with the more natural character
of an English author. I should have been more consistent had I rejected
Mallet's advice, of prefixing an English dedication to a French book,
a confusion of tongues that seemed to accuse the ignorance of my patron.
[...]».
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(1) Journ., March 8, 1758. I began my Essai
sur l'étude de la Littérature, and wrote the 23 first chapters (excepting
the following ones, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21 22) before I left Switzerland.
July 11. I again took in hand my Essay, and in about six weeks finished
it, from C. 23- 55 (excepting 27 28, 29. 30, 31. 32. 33. and note to a.
38). besides a number of chapters from C. 66 to the end, which are now
struck out.
Feb. 11 1769. I wrote the chapters of my Essay 27, 28, 29 30, 31, the
note to C. 38, and the first part of the preface.
April 23, 1761. Being at length, by my father's advice determined to publish
my Essay, I revised it with great care, made many alterations, struck
out a considerable part, and wrote the chapters from 67-78, which I was
obliged myself to copy out fair.
June 10, 1761. Finding the printing of my book proceeded but slowly, I
went up to town, where I found the whole was finished. I gave Becket orders
for the presents: twenty for Lausanne; copies for the Duke of Richmond,
Marquis of Carnarvon, Lords Waldegrave Litchfield, Bath, Granville, Bute,
Shelbourn, Chesterfield, Hardwicke, Lady Hervey, Sir Joseph Yorke, Sir
Matthew Featherstone, MM. Mallet, Maty, Scott, Wray, Lord Egremont, M.
de Bussy, Mademoiselle la Duchesse d'Aiguillon, and M. le Comte de Caylus;
great part of these sere only my father's or Mallet's acquaintance
[B].
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